The History of Computer Communications
Based on over 80 interviews of entrepreneurs, engineers, executives, and government regulators, this website chronicles the stories of early startups in the fields of data communications, local area networking, and internetworking. A collection of first-person accounts, market data, and historical narrative, The History of Computer Communications is an excellent source of information for students and professors of computer science, business, and history, as well as anyone interested in the compelling stories of the entrepreneurs that laid the foundations for our globally connected world.
This website is indispensable for anyone who shares James Pelkey’s curiosity about the researchers, engineers, entrepreneurs, managers, and regulators who interacted to create the first digital communications networks.
First Commercial Modem (Bell 101, 1958)
It is hard to imagine, but as recently as the 1960s, computer scientists were uncertain how best to interconnect even two computers. At that time, the notion that by the late 1980s the challenge would be how to interconnect millions of computers around the globe seemed as far-fetched as JCR Licklider’s “intergalactic computer network.” Yet even by today’s standards, the work of these early pioneers produced an unprecedented level of technological innovation and initiated a massive inflection point in the economic and social history of the globe.
This history follows the origins of computer networks, as the world moved from a telecommunication system based on analogue circuit connections, to a digital, globally distributed network of networks. The questions this research attempts to answer include:
- How did such revolutionary innovation occur?
- How did these early tech startups like Codex, NET, 3Com and Cisco seize market leadership?
- Why were the two dominant corporations in telecommunications and computers, AT&T and IBM, only marginal market participants?
Beginning with the first cracks in the decades-old telecommunications monopoly of AT&T, the history follows the entrepreneurs who saw opportunity in the FCC’s decision to allow access to the Bell System’s communication lines. Included in these early ventures were American Data Systems, General DataComm, Vadic, and other startups founded to innovate modems, multiplexers, and other products in the emerging market of data communications.
Arpanet IMP front panel
The technical and logistical challenges of the government-sponsored Arpanet project are colorfully reconstructed from the author’s interviews of many of the key contributors to this precursor to today’s Internet, including Paul Baran, JCR Licklider, Robert Taylor, Larry Roberts, Vint Cerf, and Robert Kahn, as well as many others.
In contrast to the de-regulation that gave birth the data communications market, the local area networking market evolved out of the technical innovation of many key engineers like Gordon Bell of DEC, Ethernet inventor and 3Com founder, Robert Metcalfe, token ring innovator Dave Farber, and startup founders including Ralph Ungermann, Charlie Bass, Judith Estrin, Bill Carrico and many others. The testimonies of these pioneers illustrate the challenges of bringing to market new technologies before a large market for them existed, and the tenacity they needed to manifest their visions for radically changing the future of computing.
Interop trade show
The history culminates with two important 1988 tradeshows where vendors and government sponsored agencies touted the future of internetworking products. At the time, the internetworking market was only a fraction of what it would become, but the origin stories of startups like Retix, Wellfleet and Cisco are early examples of the high stakes model of venture-backed successes and failures in what would become a global tech industry.
Taken on their own, these first-person accounts offer a rare insider’s perspective of the entrepreneur’s journey – creating innovation, establishing market fit, securing funding, rapid scaling, and adapting to meet future markets. Taken together, this broad collection of research provides a unique cross-section of the early industries of computer communications, bringing the reader into the boardrooms and engineering labs of the companies that innovated the modems, network adapters, and routers that are commonplace essentials of communication as we know it today.
The history presented on this website draws heavily from the words of the individuals themselves, giving the reader ample passages from each of the interview transcripts in the James L. Pelkey Oral History Collection at the Computer History Museum. The site also contains additional background material relating to this history, including chapters on the telecommunications and computer industries before 1968, market analysis of each of the industries examined, additional primary source documents, and more. The site is an excellent companion to the ACM book, “Circuits, Packets & Protocols,” which is a condensed version of the history with additional commentary, to be published later this year in hardback, paperback, and digitally as part of the ACM Books collection.
Explore
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-
- Introduction
- Entrepreneurial Capitalism
- From Ideas to Entrepreneurs to Adaptive Corporations
- Firms constructing social networks as Populations
- Three Revolutions in Computer Technologies and Corporate Usage 1968-1988
- Institutional Change in Communications: Deregulation and Break-up of AT&T
- A Brief Overview of Computer Communications 1968-1988
- Personal Comments
-
- Terminology
-
- Preconditions
- The Institutions of Competitive Capitalism
- The Telegraph and the Information Revolution
- Crisis
- The Institutions of Corporate Capitalism
- Alexander Graham Bell and Bell Telephone Co. -- 1873-1878
- Vail Joins the Bell Telephone Company -- 1878-1887
- Monopoly Asserted -- 1918-1934
- The FCC and AT&T Regulation -- 1934-1946
- The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
- Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
- The FCC, Jurisdictional Disputes and Direct Connection of CPE -- 1973-1978
- Antitrust, Computer Inquiry II and the Break-up of AT&T - 1973-1984
-
- Preconditions
- The Emergence of First Generation Computers 1946-1959
- The Entrance of IBM - 1952
- Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
- The Transistor - 1947
- Second Generation Computing -- 1959-1963
- The Integrated Circuit -- 1959
- Management Information Systems -- 1959-1972
- The IBM System/360 and the Third Generation of Computing --1964
- Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
- The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
- The Microprocessor -- 1971
- Personal Distributed Computing -- Xerox PARC -- 1980
- Personal Computers -- 1973-1988
-
- Overview
- Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
- Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
- The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
- The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
- Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
- Multiplexer Innovation: American Data Systems 1966-1968
- Euphoric Markets and Venture Capital 1967-1968
- Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
- American Data Systems Off and Running 1968
- Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
- The Economic Roller Coaster 1969-1975
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
- Codex Encounters Unexpected Problems: 1969
- ADS Has a Blockbuster 1969
- Codex Turns the Corner: 1970
- ADS Hits a Wall: 1970
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
- Firms and Collective Behavior: The Creation of the IDCMA 197
- Codex and the 9600: 1971
- ADS Falls on Hard Times: 1971-1972
- Codex Passes a Milestone: 1972
- Data Communications 1972
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
- Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
- IPTO Management Changes - 1969
- Host-to-Host Software - 1970
- Network Topology - 1969-1970
- Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
- Early Surprises - 1969-1970
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
- ALOHANET and Norm Abramson: 1966 - 1972
- NPL Network and Donald Davies 1966 - 1971
- ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Minicomputers, Distributed Data Processing and Microprocessors
- The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
- Codex: LSI modems and Front-End Processors 1973
- Wesley Chu and the Statistical Multiplexer 1966-1975
- Codex: The LSI Modem and Competition 1974-1975
- ADS: Rebirth as Micom 1973-1976
- CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
- Codex: The Statistical Multiplexer and Competition 1975-1976
- Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
- Micom: The Statistical Multiplexer 1976-1978
- Codex and Motorola 1977-1978
- Micom: Meteoric Success and Competition 1978-1979
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
- Packet Radio and Robert Kahn: 1972-1974
- CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
- A Proliferation of Communication Projects
- Token Ring and David Farber, UC Irvine and the NSF 1969-1974
- Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
- Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
- Xerox Network System (XNS) 1977-1978
- TCP to TCP/IP 1976-1979
- Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975 - 1979
- National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
- Prime Computers
- The Workshop
- Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
- Robert Metcalfe and Digital Equipment Corporation
- Zilog
- The Symposium
- The Return of Venture Capital
- Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
- Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
- Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
- Micom: The DataPBX and IPO 1978-1981
- Codex: The DataPBX 1978-1981
- Sytek: A Broadband Network and Needing Cash
- Ungermann-Bass: Xerox, Broadband and Needing a Chip
- 3Com: Product Strategy and Waiting for a PC
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Emerging LAN Competition 1981
- Interlan
- Bridge Communications
- Proteon
- Concord Data Systems
- The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX, and AT&T
- The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
- 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek – 1981-'82
- 3com
- Ungermann-Bass
- Sytek
- The Data Communication Competitors 1981-1982
- Micom
- Codex
- Other Data Communication Competitors
- The Early LAN Competitors – 1982
- Interlan
- Bridge Communications
- Concord Data Systems
- A Second Wave of LAN Competition - 1982
- Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
- Excelan
- Communications Machinery Corporation (CMC)
- General Electric
- The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
- AT&T Introduces CBXs and LANs
- Does IBM Need Both LANs and PBXs?
- 3Com - 1982
- Ungermann-Bass - 1982
- Sytek - 1982
- Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
- IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
- DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
- IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
- TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
- TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
- IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
- 3Com, Ungermann-Bass, and Sytek: 1983 – 1984
- 3Com
- Ungermann-Bass
- Sytek
- The Early LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
- Interlan
- Bridge Communications
- Concord Data Systems
- The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
- Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
- Excelan 1983-1984
- The Data Communication Competitors: 1983 – 1984
- Codex
- Micom
- New DataPBX Competitors
- State of Competition: 1985
- 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek: 1985 –1986
- 3Com
- Ungermann-Bass
- Sytek
- The Early LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
- Interlan
- Bridge Communications
- Concord Data Systems
- The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
- Excelan
- Communications Machinery Corporation
- The Data Communication Competitors: 1985-1986
- Codex
- Micom - Interlan
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- The Revolution of Digital Transmission
- AT&T and the T-1 Tariffs 1982-1984
- The T-1 Multiplexer
- The Beginnings of “Be Your Own Bell”
- Data Communications: First Signs of Digital Networks 1982-1985
- Data Communications - Industry Overview
- General DataComm
- Timeplex
- Codex
- Micom
- Digital Communication Associates
- Other Data Communication Firms
- Tymnet and the Caravan Project 1982
- Entrepreneurs: The T-1 start-ups 1982-1985
- Network Equipment Technologies
- Cohesive Networks
- Network Switching Systems
- Spectrum Digital
- Market Analysis 1984-1987
- Samples of Experts' Opinions
- The Yankee Group
- Datapro Research
- Alex. Brown & Sons
- Salomon Brothers Inc.
- T-1 Multiplexer OEM Relationships - 1985
- Data Communication: Wide Area Networks 1985-1988
- which firms will adapt successfully?
- Digital Communication Associates
- Network Equipment Technologies
- Codex
- Micom
- Timeplex
- Other Data Communication Firms
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- The Emergence of Internetworking
- Interconnecting Local Area Networks (LANs)
- Repeaters - Physical Layer: Solutions to Extend a Network
- Bridges - Data Link Layer: Adding a Few Networks Together
- Gateways/Routers - Network Layer: Integrating Countless Networks
- Open System Interconnection (OSI) Gaining Momentum
- The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
- The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
- Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
- The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
- LANs and WANs: The Public Demonstrations - 1988
- ENE and Interop
- Enterprise Network Event (OSI) - June
- Interop (TCP/IP) Trade Show - September
- Data Communications: Firms Adapting or Dying? 1987-1988
- Codex
- Micom
- Network Equipment Technologies
- DCA, Racal Electronics, Timeplex, Paradyne, and Stratacom
- Networking: Firms Responding to Market Consolidation: 1987-1988
- 3Com
- Ungermann-Bass
- Proteon
- Concord Communications, Inc.
- DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
- Internetworking: Entrepreneurs and Start-Ups: 1985-1988
- cisco Systems
- Wellfleet
- Vitalink
- Retix
- In Perspective
-
- Product Revenues 1970-1988
- Computer and Terminal Forecasts 1968-1988
- Computer Communications Market
- Computer Communications Revenues Reconcilliation
- Product Categories and Firms
- Computer Communications Start-Ups
- Timing of Start-Up Financing
- Computer Communications Market-Structure Consolodation
- Income Statement Analysis
- Balance Sheet Analysis
- Financial Histories Aligned by IPO Year
- Cash Uses of Pre-IPO Capital
- Market Windows and Organization Ecology
- Entrepreneurial Profit
- Market Research Forecasting Uncertainties
- Dominant Design Examples
- Synoptics and 3Com Analysis
- Data Communications Firm Interrelationships
- Data Communications Sector Income Statements
- Networking Sector Income Statements
- Networking Market-Structure Analysis
- Selection Pressures in Networking
- Investment in Innovation by Data Communications and Networking Firms
- Internetworking Sector Income Statements
-
-
-
-
- Overview
- Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
- Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
- The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
- The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
- Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
- Multiplexer Innovation: American Data Systems 1966-1968
- Euphoric Markets and Venture Capital 1967-1968
- Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
- American Data Systems Off and Running 1968
- Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
- The Economic Roller Coaster 1969-1975
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
- Codex Encounters Unexpected Problems: 1969
- ADS Has a Blockbuster 1969
- Codex Turns the Corner: 1970
- ADS Hits a Wall: 1970
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
- Firms and Collective Behavior: The Creation of the IDCMA 197
- Codex and the 9600: 1971
- ADS Falls on Hard Times: 1971-1972
- Codex Passes a Milestone: 1972
- Data Communications 1972
-
- Overview
- Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
- IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
- DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
- IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
- TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
- TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
- IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- The Revolution of Digital Transmission
- The Revolution of Digital Transmission
- AT&T and the T-1 Tariffs 1982-1984
- The T-1 Multiplexer
- The Beginnings of “Be Your Own Bell”
- Data Communications: First Signs of Digital Networks 1982-1985
- Data Communications - Industry Overview
- General DataComm
- Timeplex
- Codex
- Micom
- Digital Communication Associates
- Other Data Communication Firms
- Tymnet and the Caravan Project 1982
- Entrepreneurs: The T-1 start-ups 1982-1985
- Network Equipment Technologies
- Cohesive Networks
- Network Switching Systems
- Spectrum Digital
- Market Analysis 1984-1987
- Samples of Experts' Opinions
- The Yankee Group
- Datapro Research
- Alex. Brown & Sons
- Salomon Brothers Inc.
- T-1 Multiplexer OEM Relationships - 1985
- Data Communication: Wide Area Networks 1985-1988
- which firms will adapt successfully?
- Digital Communication Associates
- Network Equipment Technologies
- Codex
- Micom
- Timeplex
- Other Data Communication Firms
- In Perspective
-
-
- Host-to-Host Software - 1970
- Network Topology - 1969-1970
- Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
- Early Surprises - 1969-1970
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
- ALOHANET and Norm Abramson: 1966 - 1972
- NPL Network and Donald Davies 1966 - 1971
- ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
- Packet Radio and Robert Kahn: 1972-1974
- CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
- A Proliferation of Communication Projects
- Token Ring and David Farber, UC Irvine and the NSF 1969-1974
- Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
- Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
- Xerox Network System (XNS) 1977-1978
- TCP to TCP/IP 1976-1979
- Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975 - 1979
- National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
-
- Overview
- The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
- Prime Computers
- The Workshop
- Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
- Robert Metcalfe and Digital Equipment Corporation
- Zilog
- The Symposium
- The Return of Venture Capital
- Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
- Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
- Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
- Micom: The DataPBX and IPO 1978-1981
- Codex: The DataPBX 1978-1981
-
- Overview
- Emerging LAN Competition 1981
- Interlan
- Bridge Communications
- Proteon
- Concord Data Systems
- The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX, and AT&T
- The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
- 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek – 1981-'82
- 3com
- Ungermann-Bass
- Sytek
- The Data Communication Competitors 1981-1982
- Micom
- Codex
- Other Data Communication Competitors
- The Early LAN Competitors – 1982
- Interlan
- Bridge Communications
- Concord Data Systems
- A Second Wave of LAN Competition - 1982
- Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
- Excelan
- Communications Machinery Corporation (CMC)
- General Electric
- The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
- AT&T Introduces CBXs and LANs
- Does IBM Need Both LANs and PBXs?
- 3Com - 1982
- Ungermann-Bass - 1982
- Sytek - 1982
- Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
- In Perspective
-
- Overview
- Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
- 3Com, Ungermann-Bass, and Sytek: 1983 – 1984
- 3Com
- Ungermann-Bass
- Sytek
- The Early LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
- Interlan
- Bridge Communications
- Concord Data Systems
- The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
- Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
- Excelan 1983-1984
- The Data Communication Competitors: 1983 – 1984
- Codex
- Micom
- New DataPBX Competitors
- State of Competition: 1985
- 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek: 1985 –1986
- 3Com
- Ungermann-Bass
- Sytek
- The Early LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
- Interlan
- Bridge Communications
- Concord Data Systems
- The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
- Excelan
- Communications Machinery Corporation
- The Data Communication Competitors: 1985-1986
- Codex
- Micom - Interlan
- In Perspective
-
-
- Overview
- The Emergence of Internetworking
- Interconnecting Local Area Networks (LANs)
- Repeaters - Physical Layer: Solutions to Extend a Network
- Bridges - Data Link Layer: Adding a Few Networks Together
- Gateways/Routers - Network Layer: Integrating Countless Networks
- Open System Interconnection (OSI) Gaining Momentum
- The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
- The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
- Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
- The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
- LANs and WANs: The Public Demonstrations - 1988
- ENE and Interop
- Enterprise Network Event (OSI) - June
- Interop (TCP/IP) Trade Show - September
- Data Communications: Firms Adapting or Dying? 1987-1988
- Codex
- Micom
- Network Equipment Technologies
- DCA, Racal Electronics, Timeplex, Paradyne, and Stratacom
- Networking: Firms Responding to Market Consolidation: 1987-1988
- 3Com
- Ungermann-Bass
- Proteon
- Concord Communications, Inc.
- DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
- Internetworking: Entrepreneurs and Start-Ups: 1985-1988
- cisco Systems
- Wellfleet
- Vitalink
- Retix
- In Perspective
-
- Product Revenues 1970-1988
- Computer Communications Market
- Computer Communications Revenues Reconcilliation
- Computer Communications Start-Ups
- Timing of Start-Up Financing
- Computer Communications Market-Structure Consolodation
- Financial Histories Aligned by IPO Year
- Cash Uses of Pre-IPO Capital
- Market Windows and Organization Ecology
- Entrepreneurial Profit
- Networking Sector Income Statements
- Internetworking Sector Income Statements
- Computer Communications Market-Structure Consolodation
- Financial Histories Aligned by IPO Year
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Codex
- Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
- Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
- Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
- Codex Encounters Unexpected Problems: 1969
- Codex Turns the Corner: 1970
- Codex and the 9600: 1971
- Codex Passes a Milestone: 1972
- Codex: LSI modems and Front-End Processors 1973
- Codex: The LSI Modem and Competition 1974-1975
- Codex: The Statistical Multiplexer and Competition 1975-1976
- Codex and Motorola 1977-1978
- Codex: The DataPBX 1978-1981
- Codex
- Codex
- Codex
- Codex
- Codex
- Codex
-
- Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
- Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
- Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
- Firms and Collective Behavior: The Creation of the IDCMA 197
- Data Communications 1972
- Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
- Codex and Motorola 1977-1978
- Other Data Communication Firms
-
-
- 3Com
- Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
- 3Com: Product Strategy and Waiting for a PC
- 3com
- 3Com - 1982
- Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
- 3Com
- 3Com
- 3Com
- Computer Communications Revenues Reconcilliation
- Timing of Start-Up Financing
- Financial Histories Aligned by IPO Year
- Cash Uses of Pre-IPO Capital
- Entrepreneurial Profit
- Synoptics and 3Com Analysis
- Networking Sector Income Statements
- Networking Market-Structure Analysis
- Investment in Innovation by Data Communications and Networking Firms
-
-
-
-
- Institutional Change in Communications: Deregulation and Break-up of AT&T
- Alexander Graham Bell and Bell Telephone Co. -- 1873-1878
- Vail Joins the Bell Telephone Company -- 1878-1887
- Monopoly Asserted -- 1918-1934
- The FCC and AT&T Regulation -- 1934-1946
- The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
- Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
- The FCC, Jurisdictional Disputes and Direct Connection of CPE -- 1973-1978
- Antitrust, Computer Inquiry II and the Break-up of AT&T - 1973-1984
- Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
- The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
- Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
- Data Communications 1972
- The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
- CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
- In Perspective
- The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX, and AT&T
- The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
- AT&T Introduces CBXs and LANs
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- AT&T and the T-1 Tariffs 1982-1984
- The Beginnings of “Be Your Own Bell”
-
- The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
- Bolt Beranek and Newman: The Winning Bid -1968
- The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
- Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
- Host-to-Host Software - 1970
- Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
- Early Surprises - 1969-1970
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
- ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
- Overview
- Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
- TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
- Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) documents
-
- The Entrance of IBM - 1952
- Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
- The Transistor - 1947
- Second Generation Computing -- 1959-1963
- The Integrated Circuit -- 1959
- Management Information Systems -- 1959-1972
- The IBM System/360 and the Third Generation of Computing --1964
- Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
- The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
- Personal Computers -- 1973-1988
- The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
- The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
- The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
- Does IBM Need Both LANs and PBXs?
- IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
- IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- Sytek
- Bridge Communications
- Sytek
-
- Personal Distributed Computing -- Xerox PARC -- 1980
- Personal Computers -- 1973-1988
- Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
- Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
- Xerox Network System (XNS) 1977-1978
- Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
- Robert Metcalfe and Digital Equipment Corporation
- Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
- Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
- The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
- Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
- DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
- IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
- TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
- TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
- IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- 3Com
- Interlan
-
-
-
- A Brief Overview of Computer Communications 1968-1988
- Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
- Personal Distributed Computing -- Xerox PARC -- 1980
- The Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
- The Seminal Experiment: 1965
- Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
- The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
- Bolt Beranek and Newman: The Winning Bid -1968
- Overview
- The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
- Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
- IPTO Management Changes - 1969
- Host-to-Host Software - 1970
- Network Topology - 1969-1970
- Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
- Early Surprises - 1969-1970
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
- ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
- In Perspective
- Overview
- Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
- Packet Radio and Robert Kahn: 1972-1974
- CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
- Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
- Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
- TCP to TCP/IP 1976-1979
- In Perspective
- Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
- TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
- TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
- The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
- Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) documents
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- The FCC and AT&T Regulation -- 1934-1946
- The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
- Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
- The FCC, Jurisdictional Disputes and Direct Connection of CPE -- 1973-1978
- Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
- The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
- Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
- CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
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- The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
- Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
- Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
- ALOHANET and Norm Abramson: 1966 - 1972
- Gateways/Routers - Network Layer: Integrating Countless Networks
- The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
- ENE and Interop
- Manley Irwin Papers
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- Vail Joins the Bell Telephone Company -- 1878-1887
- The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
- Antitrust, Computer Inquiry II and the Break-up of AT&T - 1973-1984
- The Entrance of IBM - 1952
- Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
- The Transistor - 1947
- Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
- The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
- CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
- The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
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- Monopoly Asserted -- 1918-1934
- The FCC and AT&T Regulation -- 1934-1946
- The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
- Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
- The FCC, Jurisdictional Disputes and Direct Connection of CPE -- 1973-1978
- Antitrust, Computer Inquiry II and the Break-up of AT&T - 1973-1984
- Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
- The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
- Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
- AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
- CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
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- Introduction
- National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
- The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
- IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
- TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
- IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
- Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
- The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
- ENE and Interop
- Enterprise Network Event (OSI) - June
- Interop (TCP/IP) Trade Show - September
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- Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
- IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
- DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
- IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
- IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- Proteon
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- Codex: The LSI Modem and Competition 1974-1975
- CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
- Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975 - 1979
- Concord Data Systems
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
- Dominant Design Examples
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- Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- In Perspective
- The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
- Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
- The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
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- Introduction
- National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
- The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
- IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
- TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
- IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
- ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
- The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
- The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
- Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
- The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
- ENE and Interop
- Enterprise Network Event (OSI) - June
- Interop (TCP/IP) Trade Show - September
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- Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
- Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
- The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
- The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
- The Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
- The Seminal Experiment: 1965
- Host-to-Host Software - 1970
- Minicomputers, Distributed Data Processing and Microprocessors
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
- TCP to TCP/IP 1976-1979
- Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
- Proteon
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- Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
- Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
- The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
- Personal Computers -- 1973-1988
- The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
- The Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
- The Seminal Experiment: 1965
- Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
- Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
- Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
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- Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
- The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
- Overview
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
- Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
- Host-to-Host Software - 1970
- Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
- Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
- ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
- Codex: LSI modems and Front-End Processors 1973
- Wesley Chu and the Statistical Multiplexer 1966-1975
- The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
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- Abramson, Norm
- Bachman, Charles
- Baran, Paul
- Bass, Charlie
- Bell, Gordon
- Bingham, John
- Botwinick, Edward
- Carr, Art
- Carrico, Bill
- Cerf, Vint
- Chu, Wesley
- Clark, Dave
- Clark, Wesley
- Crocker, Steve
- Dalal, Yogen
- Dambrackas, Bill
- Davidson, John
- Davies, Donald
- Day, John
- Dolan, Bob
- Donnan, Robert
- Dow, James
- Estrin, Judy
- Evans, Roger
- Farber, David
- Farr, Bill
- Fernandez, Manny
- Forkish, Robbie
- Forney, David
- Frank, Howard
- Frankel, Steve
- Graube, Maris
- Grumbles, George
- Heafner, John
- Heart, Frank
- Hill, Jay
- Holsinger, Jerry
- Huffaker, Craig
- Hunt, Bruce
- Johnson, Johnny
- Jordan, Jim
- Kahn, Robert
- Kaufman, Phil
- Kinney, Matt
- Kleinrock, Leonard
- Krause, Bill
- Krechmer, Ken
- LaBarre, Lee & Brusil, Paul
- Licklider, J.C.R.
- Liddle, David
- Loughry, Don
- Lynch, Dan
- MacLean, Audrey
- Maxwell, Kim
- McDowell, Jerry
- Metcalfe, Robert
- Miller, Ken
- Mulvenna, Jerry
- Nordin, Bert
- Norred, Bill
- Nyborg, Phil
- Pliner, Michael
- Pogran, Ken
- Postel, Jon
- Pouzin, Louis
- Pugh, John
- Rekhi, Kanwal
- Roberts, Larry
- Rosenthal, Robert
- Saltzer, Jerry
- Salwen, Howard
- Severino, Paul
- Slomin, Mike
- Smith, Bruce
- Smith, Mark
- Smith, Robert & Thompson, Thomas
- Strassburg, Bernard
- Taylor, Robert
- Ungermann, Ralph
- Warmenhoven, Dan
- Wecker, Stuart
- White, James
- Wiggins, Robert
- Wilkes, Art
- Zimmerman, Hubert
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